Ivan Pavlov Life, Research, Classical Conditioning

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 14, 1849 -  February 27, 1936)  was a Nobel Prize-winning physiologist best known for his classical conditioning experiments with dogs. In his research, he discovered the conditioned reflex, which shaped the field of behaviorism in psychology. Fast Facts: Ivan Pavlov Occupation: PhysiologistKnown For: Research on conditioned reflexes (Pavlovs Dogs)Born: September 14, 1849, in Ryazan, RussiaDied: February 27, 1936, in  Leningrad  (now St. Petersburg), RussiaParents: Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov and Varvara Ivanovna UspenskayaEducation: M.D., Imperial Medical Academy in St. Petersburg, RussiaKey Accomplishments:  Nobel Prize for Physiology (1904)Offbeat Fact: A lunar crater on the Moon was named after Pavlov. Early Years and Education Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849, in the small village of Ryazan, Russia. His father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov, was a priest who hoped that his son would follow in his footsteps and join the church. In Ivans early years, it seemed that his fathers dream would become a reality. Ivan was educated at a church school and a theological seminary. But when he read the works of scientists like Charles Darwin and I. M. Sechenov, Ivan decided to pursue scientific studies instead. He left the seminary and began studying chemistry and physiology at the University of St. Petersburg. In 1875, he earned an M.D. from the Imperial Medical Academy before going on to study under Rudolf Heidenhain and Carl Ludwig, two renowned physiologists.   Personal Life and Marriage Ivan Pavlov married Seraphima Vasilievna Karchevskaya in 1881. Together, they had five children: Wirchik, Vladimir, Victor, Vsevolod, and Vera. In their early years, Pavlov and his wife lived in poverty. During the hard times, they stayed with friends, and at one point, rented a bug-infested attic space. Pavlovs fortunes changed in 1890 when he  took an appointment as the Professor of Pharmacology at the Military Medical Academy. That same year, he became the director of the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine. With these  well-funded academic positions, Pavlov had the opportunity to further pursue the  scientific studies  that interested him. Research on Digestion Pavlovs early research focused primarily on the physiology of digestion. He used surgical methods to study various processes of the digestive system. By exposing portions of a dogs intestinal canal during surgery, he was able to gain an understanding of gastric secretions and the role of the body and mind in the digestive process. Pavlov sometimes operated on live animals, which was an acceptable practice back then but would not occur today due to modern ethical standards. In 1897, Pavlov published his findings in a book called â€Å"Lectures on the Work of the Digestive Glands.† His work on the physiology of digestion was also recognized with a Nobel Prize for Physiology in 1904. Some of Pavlovs other honors include  an honorary doctorate from Cambridge University, which was awarded in 1912, and  the Order of the Legion of Honor, which was given to him in 1915. Discovery of Conditioned Reflexes Although Pavlov has many notable accomplishments, he is most well known for defining the concept of conditioned reflexes.   A conditioned reflex is considered a form of learning that can occur through exposure to stimuli. Pavlov studied this phenomenon in the lab through a series of experiments with dogs. Initially, Pavlov was studying the connection between salivation and feeding. He proved that dogs have an unconditioned response when they are fed — in other words, they are hard-wired to salivate at the prospect of eating. However, when Pavlov noticed that the mere sight of a person in a lab coat was enough to cause the dogs to salivate, he realized that he had accidentally made an additional scientific discovery. The dogs had learned that a lab coat meant food, and in response, they salivated every time they saw a lab assistant. In other words, the dogs had been conditioned to respond a certain way. From this point on, Pavlov decided to devote himself to the study of conditioning. Pavlov tested his theories in the lab using a variety of neural stimuli. For example, he used electric shocks, a buzzer that produced specific tones and the ticking of a metronome to make the dogs associate certain noises and stimuli with food. He found that not only could he cause a conditioned response (salivation), he could also break the association if he made these same noises but did not give the dogs food. Even though he was not a psychologist, Pavlov suspected that his findings could be applied to humans as well. He believed that a conditioned response may be causing certain behaviors in people with psychological problems and that these responses could be unlearned. Other scientists, such as John B. Watson, proved this theory correct when they were able to replicate Pavlovs research with humans.   Death Pavlov worked in the lab until his death at the age of 86. He died on February 27, 1936, in  Leningrad  (now St. Petersburg), Russia after contracting double pneumonia. His death was commemorated with a grand funeral and a monument that was erected in his home country in his honor. His laboratory was also turned into a museum. Legacy and Impact Pavlov was a physiologist, but his legacy is primarily recognized in psychology and educational theory. By proving the existence of conditioned and non-conditioned reflexes, Pavlov provided a foundation for the study of behaviorism. Many renowned psychologists, including  John B. Watson  and  B. F. Skinner, were inspired by his work and built on it to gain a better understanding of behavior and learning. To this day, nearly every student of psychology studies Pavlovs experiments to gain a better understanding of the scientific method, experimental psychology, conditioning, and behavioral theory. Pavlovs legacy can also be seen in popular culture in books like Aldous Huxleys Brave New World, which contained elements of Pavlovian conditioning. Sources Cavendish, Richard. â€Å"Death of Ivan Pavlov.†Ã‚  History Today.Gantt, W. Horsley. â€Å"Ivan Petrovich Pavlov.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 20 Feb. 2018.McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Pavlovs Dogs.†Ã‚  Simply Psychology, 2013.Tallis, Raymond. â€Å"The Life of Ivan Pavlov.†Ã‚  The Wall Street Journal, 14 Nov. 2014.â€Å"Ivan Pavlov - Biographical.†Ã‚  Nobelprize.org.â€Å"Ivan Pavlov.†Ã‚  PBS, Public Broadcasting Service.

Fashion Eyewear An Overview Essay - 848 Words

FASHION EYEWEAR ABOUT US Fashion Eyewear is one of the most trusted eyewear companies in the UK that also does business online. It was founded in the year 2008. Exclusive eyewear collections, sunglasses and designer glasses with latest lens technology are offered. It has trained opticians, stylists, buyers and professional customer service team members to provide customers with top of the line service that rhymes with the luxury involved in eyewear as well. Fashion Eyewear is a registered optic company based in London and provides expert knowledge and skills on optometry including exceptional customer service and high quality brands. The store is able to provide services online hence it’s able to reach more clients. It’s usually open during weekdays from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. and on Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 6.30 p.m. It offers a unique shopping experience to customers. Only the best brands and good quality eyewear products are stocked in this store. The customer care services are aimed at ensuring you find the best pair of glasses designed according to your needs. Stylists carefully handpick the optical frames considering the latest prevailing market styles. The store has a healthy relationship with suppliers which ensures they supply great quality products to them and those with unique features and style. The eyewear is designed to satisfy one’s style, desired fashion, desired quality and comfort at crazily affordable prices. The Service is complete, starting from eye tests,Show MoreRelatedMassimo Dutti Marketing Plan1446 Words   |  6 PagesTable of content 3. Company overview 4. Brand explained 5. Key success Factors 6. Industry analysis 7. SWOT analysis 8. Customer analysis 9. Segment analysis 10. Market analysis 11. Marketing and promotion plan 12. Marketing STP 13. Positioning 14. Promotion strategy 15. Advertising strategy 16. Advertising creative 17. Art work inspiration 18. Artwork inspiration 19. Company Overview Massimo Dutti was founded inRead MoreLuxottica Group S.P.a - Cstr Course Project3594 Words   |  15 PagesSummary The eyewear industry is both a medical device industry meant to cure vision, and a high fashion industry revolving around design and fashion trends. Spectacles as we know them were invented in the early 1300s. Since then, functional tools have become much more ornate and design oriented, employing cutting edge manufacturing techniques. Luxottica has been at the forefront of the high fashion eyewear revolution. In more than 130 countries, Luxottica  is the largest eyewear manufacturerRead MoreGucci: Strategy Analysis1116 Words   |  5 PagesCASE STUDY- GUCCI GROUP CASE OVERVIEW Gucci, a brand known for its quality, luxurious and royal association was confronted with strategic issues which made the company take notice of its strategy of expansion and brand personality. The company was not only having concerns with their product line but they were lacking unified corporate vision and strategy after its acquisition of some major names like YSL. Due to which they started having loophole in their luxurious goods market discipline. StrategicRead MoreGym Memberships At The United States Essay1023 Words   |  5 Pageswear was born, it is the newest fashion trends were people wear athletic clothing regardless if they intend not to go to the gym that day. People are wearing it to the office, shopping, to run errands and other social events. Athleisure wear consist of articles of clothing such as spandex, leggings, yoga pants, sports bras and fashionable sweats. Over the last 10 years an increase in athleisure wear has spread at a rapid rate globally, particularly in the women’s fashion industry. Since 2013 the increaseRead Moreswot analysis of french connection1637 Words   |  7 Pagesplc Fundamental Company Report Including Financial, SWOT, Competitors and Industry Analysis Date: Pages: Price: ID: January 1, 2014 79 US$ 499.00 F05339C0744EN French Connection Group plc Fundamental Company Report provides a complete overview of the company’s affairs. All available data is presented in a comprehensive and easily accessed format. The report includes financial and SWOT information, industry analysis, opinions, estimates, plus annual and quarterly forecasts made by stockRead MoreREPORT ON TOMMY HILFIGER INDIA1684 Words   |  7 PagesA REPORT ON TOMMY HILFIGER BY P.SATYANARAYANA Date: 6/6/2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Sl.No. CONTENTS 1 Candidate’s statement 2 Preface 3 Acknowledgement 4 Objectives of the study 5 Introduction 6 Overview of the Company 7 Profiles of some rivals 8 SWOT Analysis 9 Promotional Activities 10 Learning from SIP 11 Conclusion 12 Bibliography PREFACE In today’s trend of cut-throat competition, Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) is sure to have an edge over their counterparts. BBA educationRead MoreWhy Investing Of Nike Stocks Essay1275 Words   |  6 Pageswear was born, it is the newest fashion trends were people wear athletic clothing regardless if they intend go to the gym or not that day. People are wearing it to the office, shopping, to run errands and other social events. Athleisure wear consist of articles of clothing such as spandex, leggings, yoga pants, sports bras and fashionable sweats. Over the last 10 years an increase in athleisure wear has spread at a rapid rate globally, particularly in the women’s fashion industry. Since 2013 the increaseRead MoreChanel Analysis Swot, 6 Ps5076 Words   |  21 Pagesdesigner Coco Chanel, has over time evolved into being a huge fashion empire which is irreplaceable for the development of the fashion branch in the 20th century. From Coco to Karl - A Legend lives on COCO CHANEL In 1912 Coco â€Å"Gabrielle† Chanel (1883-1971) founded the label bearing her name in Paris, France (Rue de Cambon) . Coco Chanel was one of the first fashion designers in her country as we know them today. She revolutionized female fashion first and foremost with the famous â€Å"Little Black†, the replacementRead MoreInternational Business And International Marketing1457 Words   |  6 PagesResistance to globalization has therefore taken shape both at a popular and at a governmental level as people and governments try to manage the flow of capital, labour, goods, and ideas that constitute the current wave of globalization. TOMMY HILFIGER OVERVIEW It is the leading company in the world which is famous for their designer lifestyle brands and is internationally recognized and have many franchise all over the world for celebrating the essence of classic American cool style, FEATURING preppyRead MoreBillabong Swot Analysis 20122317 Words   |  10 PagesCONTENTS Company Overview..............................................................................................3 Key Facts...............................................................................................................3 SWOT Analysis.....................................................................................................4 Billabong International Ltd.  © MarketLine Page 2 Billabong International Ltd. Company Overview COMPANY OVERVIEW Billabong International

Comparitive Life Cycle Costing for of a Gasoline and a Hybrid Car Free Essays

string(159) " of the models of Honda is â€Å"The Civic Hybrid 2008† which is the latest model which uses hybrid technology for propulsion, which is taken into study \(www\." COMPARITIVE LIFE CYCLE COSTING FOR OF A GASOLINE AND A HYBRID CAR Digvesh khot , Narendran Neelagandan ABSTRACT The depletion of the fossil fuels is emerging as a concern for the whole world. The major sources for the consumption of this fossil fuel are our vehicles that use much of the oil for their operation. The need has been felt to devise the alternative fuel for our vehicles which should be the sustainable option so that it does not contribute to the environmental impacts rigorously. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparitive Life Cycle Costing for of a Gasoline and a Hybrid Car or any similar topic only for you Order Now The objective of the comparative analysis is to know the feasibility of the hybrid car against the petrol car. The procedure adopted for the comparative analysis is to do life cycle costing of both the engines by considering the cost, benefits, maintenance and repairs for both the engines. The weight scoring model was also developed to analyze the feasibility of both the engines on the grounds of terms like safety, comfort, emissions and incentives. After completing the comparative analysis the life cycle costing model and the weight scoring model yield the results which were analyzed and the necessary recommendations were made. The results of the comparative analysis revealed that though the Hybrid cars initially cost more, but if they are run for more than 20,000 miles than the total cost per mile is less than the petrol cars. Also weighing model for both the cars gives more weightage to hybrid cars in terms of emissions and incentives. KEYWORDS: Life Cycle costing, alternative fuels, hybrid vehicles, petrol engines. LITERATURE REVIEW Today the major problem the whole world is facing is the depletion of fossil fuels. Most of the vehicles run on these fossil fuels. It is estimated that if the consumption of these fossil fuels continues at the same rate then by the end of 2030 the fossil fuels will get reduced by 50% of the current value and the prices will increase by $10/ gallon (Kibert, 2008). To overcome this problem a lot of automobile companies are working on the new design of engine which will work on some other source of energy other than fossil fuels. So hybrid model cars were developed keeping in mind of these problems. The first hybrid car model was developed by Dr Ferdinand Porsche in 1902 using a petrol engine, rotating at a constant speed to drive a ynamo, which charged the accumulators (www. wikipedia. com; 10, 2008). These accumulators fed current to electric motors contained within the hubs of the front wheels. Before this several advancements were made in non-gasoline motors, mainly electric cars (www. wikipedia. com). Such non-gasoline car was invented somewhere around years from 1832 and 1839, by Robert Anderson of Scotland a nd his electric carriage (www. wikipedia. com; 10, 2008). After that several car manufactures have been working on different technology for a long time and recently hybrid cars were developed (www. wikipedia. com; 10, 2008). Hybrid cars are vehicles driven by hybrid engines, which are any engine that combines two or more sources of power, generally gasoline and electricity (Lipman, et. al, 2003). There are two types of gasoline-electric hybrid cars; the parallel hybrid, and the series hybrid. Both of these use gasoline-electric hybrid technology (Lipman, et. al, 2003). In parallel hybrid cars, the gasoline and electric motors work together to move the car forward. In series, the gasoline engine either directly powers an electric motor which in turn powers the vehicle or charges the battery that will in turn power the motor(Lipman, et. l, 2003). Both these type of hybrid cars use another technology called Regenerative braking which stores the kinetic energy that is created while braking. This energy is stored in a battery which runs the electric motor. (Lipman, et. al, 2003) PROJECT SUMMARY This project was based on the life cycle costing and the comparative analysis of the hybrid engines and the petrol e ngines. The goal of the project was to calculate the total cost of both the engines during their life cycle and to analyze their performance and the impacts of environments. The first objective was to develop the life cycle cost model for studying their performance with respect to the annual mileage and the total cost per year spent on both type of cars. The second objective was to develop the weight scoring model for both types of cars to analyze them on the grounds of safety, comfort, emissions, and incentives. Life cycle model for both the cars were developed using the cost components like depreciation, fees and taxes, finance, fuel, insurance, maintenance , and repairs. All the data for these cost components for both types of engines were collected from the company websites and the EPA website. After the collection of these data, the life cycle cost model has been used for calculating the total life cycle cost for hybrid as well as petrol engines. The results were analyzed for both the alternatives and the conclusions were made. Weight scoring model was also developed for the comparative analysis which included the components like safety, comfort, emissions, and the incentives. The relative weights for these components were assigned according to the priorities from the consumer point of view. The rating points were also assigned and both the cars were rated according to the aforesaid components. The sources for the data were the company websites and the EPA websites for the emission data was also cited. The results of the Weight scoring model were then analyzed and the final conclusions were made. The comparative study for both the cars revealed that the hybrid cars are more efficient in terms of long term usage than the petrol cars. CASE STUDY DESCRIPTION Many car manufactures are working on this hybrid technology to improve the fuel consumption and decrease the emission levels and Honda is one of the leading car manufacturers who have released different hybrid models into the market (www. onda. com; 11, 2008). One of the models of Honda is â€Å"The Civic Hybrid 2008† which is the latest model which uses hybrid technology for propulsion, which is taken into study (www. You read "Comparitive Life Cycle Costing for of a Gasoline and a Hybrid Car" in category "Life" honda. com; 11, 2008). The Civic Hybrid 2008 uses gasoline and electric power train for the propulsion. The engine is a 1399cc, 4 cylinder aluminum-alloy engine which supplies a power of 110hp@6000rpm (www. honda. com; 11, 2008). The electric motor supplies a maximum of 158 volts (www. honda. com; 11, 2008). The functioning of the system at various stages is different and is explained below. STARTING: The car uses an IMA (Integrated motor assist) system motor to start. If the IMA battery-pack charge is too low or if it’s very cold outside, the system has a separate battery and starter motor to back it up. (www. honda. com; 11, 2008) ACCELERATION: When extra acceleration is needed, while passing or climbing up an inclined region, the IMA System’s electric motor adds its torque automatically to the engine’s to give extra power. (www. honda. com; 11, 2008) CITY CRUISING: At steady speeds below 35 mph on level roads and under light throttle, fuel injection is ceased and the car is propelled olely by the electric motor. (www. honda. com; 11, 2008) HIGHWAY: At higher cruising speeds, the gasoline engine provides the motive power. The motor has been developed in such a way that it reduces the fuel consumption to particular levels. (www. honda. com; 11, 2008) BRAKING: The cars IMA System tap’s the kinetic energy that is produced in the vehicle, when b rakes are applied. During that period, the system’s motor turns itself into a generator, and helps in slowing down the car while at the same time it builds up the energy stored in the batteries. www. honda. com; 11, 2008) AT A STOP: When stopped, the gasoline engine automatically shuts off. When we lift our foot off the brake, and the engine restarts automatically. (www. honda. com; 11, 2008) These setups have been made to increase the vehicle performance and make them fuel efficient. The benefits of the refined gasoline electric power train are fuel economy and environment friendly emissions. This vehicle is certified by Environment protection agency (EPA) and passes all the regulation of EPA 2008 for environment. This car is also equipped with the rating of Advanced Technology of Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (AT-PZEV) which is the most stringent emission standards of United States which in turn is certified by California Air Resource Board (CARB). The technology being new is expensive and the initial cost for hybrid car is high as compared to the petrol engine cars. But if compared the life cycle cost is considerably less as compared to petrol engine due to the benefits of low emissions and fuel economy of the hybrid cars. (www. honda. om; 11, 2008) The petrol version of 2008 Honda civic sedan which is currently out in the market, is a normal car that runs on a gasoline engine. The engine is a 1799cc aluminum-alloy which produces 140hp@6300rpm (www. honda. com; 11, 2008). Gasoline or petrol engines are basic internal combustion engines which run on volatile fuels. They use air and fuel mixed together and a spark plug which produces the fire for combustion. The energy that is created is used to run the drive shaft which in-turn runs the wheel (www. wikipedia. com; 10, 2008). Petrol engines were developed by the engineers Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz (both from Germany) in 1885 who both together started the Daimler-Benz car plant (www. wikipedia. com; 10, 2008). Gasoline engines are the widely used internal combustion engines which have been under constant improvisation to improve their efficiency and to reduce the emission levels from them (www. wikipedia. com; 10, 2008). Different industries have been working towards that and Honda is one of the industries who have taken serious steps to reduce the emission levels from normal gasoline engines. www. honda. com; 11, 2008) These are the two products for which the life-cycle cost model analysis is going to be created. LIFE CYCLE COST MODEL DESCRIPTION The Life Cycle Cost (LCC) model for comparative analysis of hybrid and the petrol cars was based on following cost components: †¢Depreciation †¢Insurance †¢Financing †¢Taxes and fees †¢Fuel †¢Maintenance †¢Repairs The sourc e for developing the model was (Shtub, et. al; 2005). LCCcars = LCCdepreciation + LCCinsurance+ LCCfinancing+ LCCtaxes and fees+ LCCfuel + LCCmaintenance+ LCCrepairs. The LCC model for car is the summation of the all the cost components which will yield the total life cycle cost (Shtub, et. al; 2005). The assumptions that have been made are in terms of time frame and the cost components are as follows: 1. Time frame: The time frame for calculation has been taken as 5 years. All the data for the cost components are based on 5 years. 2. Depreciation: it is the value of the vehicle which declines as the vehicle gets older. The age of the vehicle is related to the number of miles it has travelled. For both the cars it the average of 15, 000 miles per year is being considered. 3. Insurance: It is the average annual insurance that has been taken into account. The premium charged per year for the insurance of the car has been taken from the website of Honda company for the Louisiana state. 4. Financing: This is the interest expense on a loan in the amount of true market value purchase price + destination charge + base sales tax initial fees (www. honda. com; 11, 2008). The values for these expenses are considered for Louisiana region assuming the 10% down payment and a loan term of 60 months. 5. Taxes and fees: we have included base sales taxes, license and registration fees in Louisiana region (www. dmunds. com, 11/2008). 6. Fuel: Assuming 45% driving on freeways and 55% driving in city we have collected the data for the fuel from www. epa. gov. 7. Maintenance: We have considered both the scheduled and the unscheduled maintenance in this cost components. 8. Repairs: the estimated expenses for repairs that do not come under the manufacturer’s warranty f or five years, is taken as repairs. (www. edmund. com;11, 2008) The life cycle costing has been done for three conditions and they are: †¢Condition 1: cost component data for USA †¢Condition 2: cost component data for Louisiana. Condition 3: distance travelled is 10, 000 miles with a 55% driving in city and 45% driving on freeways. CHECK LIST MODEL DESCRIPTION The weighing model that has been created has taken into consideration of few factors which are not taken into account by many car owners. Factors like safety, comfort, and emissions do not play a significant factor for many people who plan to buy a car. This motivated us to create the scoring model for these factors. For the Honda civic Dx (2008 model) and Honda civic hybrid (2008, model) safety, comfort, and emissions are taken into account and the relative weights are given. The safety features are good for the in the midsize segment with disc for the front, 4 wheel ABC and the airbags for the head, and side (www. honda. com; 11, 2008). But these can be improved to the next level by adding the disc brakes to all the wheels and by increasing the number of airbags. The comfort level is taken into consideration as some people spend more time in the car driving around, so the comfort level plays an important part. The next criteria are the emission levels of the car which is taken into consideration for analyzing the environmental impact of them. The last criteria is the incentives that are being offered for the buying a hybrid cars. The source for developing the weighing model was (Shtub, et. al; 2005). On the basis of the above criteria the weighing model has been developed and the results were analyzed to make conclusions. RESULTS Life cycle costing Model 1: Honda Civic Dx 4 door Sedan Condition 1: cost component data for USA Maximum or manufacturer’s suggestion retail price: $ 15, 810. Owner ship: 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 10,112 Fees and taxes 730 Finance 2331 Fuel9945 Insurance8348 Maintenance1720 Repairs643 Total life cycle cost37645 Note: The miles driven are kept constant and the values are tabulated for USA Source: www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov – fuel data. Condition 2: cost component data for Louisiana. Maximum or manufacturer’s suggestion retail price: $ 15, 810. Owner ship: 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 9002 Fees and taxes 1407 Finance 2963 Fuel8478 Insurance10119 Maintenance2934 Repairs625 Total life cycle cost35528 Note: the above values are taken for Louisiana region Source: www. utochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov- Fuel data. Condition 3: distance travelled is 10, 000 miles with a 55% driving in city and 45% driving on freeways. Maximum or manufacturer’s suggestion retail price: $ 15, 810. The car has driven for 10,000 miles (55% city and 45% freeways) Owner shi p: 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 8851 Fees and taxes 1194 Finance 2405 Fuel6568 Insurance6759 Maintenance1176 Repairs564 Opportunity cost2999 Total life cycle cost30, 518 Note: the cost per mile for 10,000 miles is $. 1, for 15,000 miles is $. 48, and for 20,000 miles $0. 46. Source: www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov- Fuel data. Model 2: Honda Civic hybrid 4 door Sedan Condition 1: cost component data for USA Maximum or manufacturer’s suggestion retail price: $ 22, 600. Owner ship: 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 11993 Fees and taxes 1974 Finance 4117 Fuel6155 Insurance10622 Maintenance2932 Repairs625 Total life cycle cost38478 Note: The miles driven are kept constant and the values are tabulated for USA Source: www. utochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov – Fuel dat a. Condition 2: cost component data for Louisiana. Maximum or manufacturer’s suggestion retail price: $ 22,600. Owner ship: 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 13128 Fees and taxes 511 Finance 3331 Fuel6846 Insurance9252 Maintenance1920 Opportunity cost3857 Repairs679 Total life cycle cost39525 Note: the above values are taken for Louisiana region Source: www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. ww. epa. gov – fuel data. Condition 3: Distance travelled is 10, 000 miles with a 55% driving in city and 45% driving on freeways. Maximum or manufacturer’s suggestion retail price: $ 22, 600. The car has driven for 10,000 miles (55% city and 45% freeways) Owner ship: 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 12189 Fees and taxes 1157 Finance 3615 Fuel4536 Insurance7491 Maintenance1402 Repairs596 Opportunity cost3212 Total life cycle cost34198 Note: the cost per mile for 10,000 miles is $. 68, for 15,000 miles is $. 51, and for 20,000 miles $0. 47. Source: www. autochannel. om, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov – Fuel data. Sensitivity analysis The data used for sensitivity analysis was miles per year travelled and the increment taken for it was 5000. For Model 1: Honda Civic Dx 4 door Sedan No of milesCost per mile($)Data source 100000. 61www. epa. gov 150000. 48www. epa. gov 200000. 46www. epa. gov 250000. 47www. epa. gov For Model 2: Honda Civic hybrid 4 door Sedan No of milesCost per mile($)Data source 100000. 68www. epa. gov 150000. 51www. epa. gov 200000. 47www. epa. gov 50000. 45www. epa. gov The initial cost for the petrol engine may be less than the hybrid cars but after 20000 miles of running hybrid cars are more fuel efficient than the petrol engines. After performing the sensitivity analysis we observed that initially the cost per mile for petrol is less than the hybrid cars , but as you increase the number of miles after 20,000 miles hybrid cars become more fuel efficient. The breakeven point on the sensitivity graph shows the changing nature of fuel efficiency for hybrid cars and petrol cars. Weight scoring method (Shtub, et. al; 2005). Weighing model for Honda civic DX 2008: For all criteria and the relative weight the values are assumed according to the priority of consumer. CriteriaRelative weightExcellent 30(assumed)Good 20(assumed)Fair 10(assumed)Poor 0(assumed)Factor score safety. 3v6 Comfort. 2v2 emissions. 4v2 incentives. 1v0 total1. 0010 Source: www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for criteria data except the fuel data and www. epa. gov for fuel data. Weighing model for Honda civic hybrid 2008: For all criteria and the relative weight the values are assumed according to the priority of consumer. CriteriaRelative weightExcellent 30(assumed)Good 20(assumed)Fair 10(assumed)Poor 0(assumed)Factor score safety. 3v6 Comfort. 2v4 emissions. 412 incentives. 1v3 total1. 00v25 Source: www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for criteria data except the fuel data and www. epa. gov for fuel data. The weighing score model shows that for hybrid cars the factor score is more than the petrol car and the reason is the hybrid cars are more emission free than the petrol car, also the criteria of the incentive for hybrid car makes it more preferable for the customers. The hybrid cars have a 25-100% federal tax credit which could move people towards buying the hybrid cars which are environmentally friendly as compared to petrol (www. honda. com; 11/2008) . Conclusions After carrying out the life cycle costing, sensitivity analysis, and the weight scoring the following conclusions can be reached: †¢Though the petrol cars are cheaper than the hybrid cars but the life cycle cost of hybrid cars after 20,000 miles makes it the better option. †¢Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, petrol cars do not serve to be the best option. Hybrid cars produced less emission than the petrol engines so they are environmentally friendly cars which makes them a sustainable product. †¢The incentives offered by the federal state government for buying the hybrid car may serve as a good step towards motivating people to go for hybrid option Bibliography autochannel. (2008). comparison of hybrid cars and petrol engine cars for miles travelled. Retrieved 11 24 , 2008, from www. autochannel. com. Avraham Shtub, j. F. (2005). Project management process, methodology and economics. pper saddle river, new jersey: pearson, prantice hall. edmund. (2008). cost comparison data for hybrid and petrol cars. Retrieved 11 24, 2008, from www. edmund. com. environmental protection agency. (2008). emissions for hybrid and petrol engines. Retrieved 11 29, 2008, from www. epa. gov. Environmental protection agency. (2008). fuel cost for hybrid and petrol engines. Retrieved 11 29, 2008, from www. epa. gov. H. Paul Barringer, P. D. (1996). Life Cycle Cost Tutorial. Houston, Texas: Marriott Houston Westside. Heather L. MacLean, e. (2000). A Life-Cycle Comparison of Alternative Automobile Fuels. journal of the air and waste management association , 1769-1779. honda USA. (2008). hybrid cars and petrol cars. Retrieved 11 24, 2008, from www. honda. com. Jeremy Hackney, R. d. (1999). Life cycle model of alternative fuel vehicles: emissions, energy,and cost trade-offs. science direct journal , 243-267. lester lave, h. m. (2000). life cycle analysis of automobile fuel/propulsion technologies. environmental science and technology , 1600-1698. Steven Kmenta, K. I. (2000). SCENARIO-BASED FMEA: A LIFE CYCLE COST PERSPECTIVE. Baltimore, Maryland: ASME. the fuel cell vehicle analysis of enegy use, emission and cost . (1998). pergamon , 381-385. Timothy E. Lipman, M. A. (2003). Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Design Retail and Lifecycle Cost Analysis. Berkeley, California 94720: Energy and Resources Group. wikipedia. (2008). hybrid engines and petrol ngines. Retrieved 10 29, 2008, from www. wikipedia. com. Kibert, C. J. (2008). Sustainable Construction . New Jersey: John Willey and Sons. How to cite Comparitive Life Cycle Costing for of a Gasoline and a Hybrid Car, Essays

International Security Second World War

Question: Is The Proliferation Of Nuclear Weapons Something To Be Feared or Welcomed? Answer: Introduction A nuclear weapon is a device that explodes as a result of nuclear reactions. The significant impact of nuclear proliferation is the bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima during the Second World War. The bombing of these two cities increased peoples awareness of the power and strength of nuclear weapons. Globally, there are approximately 16,000 nuclear weapons possessed by few countries. About7, 000 of these explosives are owned by the United States whereas 300 by France, 7,700 by Russia, and 250 by China (Green garage, 2014: par.5). Accordingly, the United Kingdom owns about 225, Pakistan 110, 80 in Israel, 100 in India and 10 in North Korea. For this reason, the paper aims to argue that the proliferation of nuclear weapons is something to be feared because they increase the world vulnerability to nuclear war, to be precise between the superpowers. Besides, the proliferation of these weapons might result in nuclear terrorism if these weapons are accessed by terrorist organizations and a threat to human life. Overview of the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons among Nations According to Burroughs (2007: 33), nations around the world are increasingly determined to commence stockpiling and developing reliable and efficient nuclear weapons. In fact, nonnuclear materials, knowledge, and components required to design these weapons are easily accessible globally. Detailed analysis of how to construct facilities that produce nuclear weapons is in public domain. The availability of this information might be utilized by terrorist organization and rebels to design their weapons and use them to terrorize the world. Nations such as India and Russia among others are developing nuclear weapons with the primary objective of feeling secure. Given the fact that nations possessing these weapons including China, the United States, and France among others are feeling insecure without them, nonnuclear states will also be triggered to have their own nuclear weapons to feel safer (Perkovich, 1999: 65). As a result, they will jeopardize the peace being experienced in various parts of the world as a consequence of the possibility of nuclear terrorism. Since the mid-1960s, nations have become concerned about the possibility of terrorist organizations acquiring nuclear weapons. Schultz (2007: 15) argues that terrorist groups aim to utilize these weapons to destabilize governments and extort them in the case of a coup. Besides, the proliferation of nuclear weapons will compel terrorist organizations to use force to steal these weapons from transport vehicles and military facilities. Challenges of Nuclear Proliferation The proliferation of nuclear weapons whether by non-state or state actors jeopardizes international security. The challenge of nuclear weapon proliferation is global and to halt the proliferation of these weapons, countries must join hands. Nine states including the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel, India, France, and China are believed or acknowledged to own nuclear weapons (Sidel Levy, 2007: 1560). Other countries including South Korea, Germany, and Japan exhibits the technological capability also to acquire these weapons. The declining oil prices in conjunction with the need to invest in nuclear energy, the increased diffusion of technical and scientific knowledge and fossil fuels impact on the environment has resulted in the need to access dual-use technologies. However, there are efforts to counter the proliferation of nuclear weapons. For instance, the UN Security Council (UNSC) in 2009 passed Resolution 1887 that emphasized on total nuc lear disarmament (Sidel Levy, 2007: 1563). As a result of this treaty, the number of countries that embraced the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty increased to 157 by 2011(Council of Foreign Relations, 2013). The treaty also encouraged countries including Iran, Israel, and the United States to follow suit. Despite the existence of this treaty, multilateral institutions have not been successful in preventing nations such as North Korea, Pakistan, and India from developing nuclear weapons. For this reason, there is a need for the reinforcement and updating of the existing framework to address threats posed by the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Reasons why the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons should be Feared Nuclear Proliferation is Threat to Life on Earth and Humanity Krieger (2010: par.3) argues that the proliferation of nuclear weapons poses a great challenge to the human population because they are deadly and dangerous. Previously, they were utilized to cause havoc in the cities of Nagasaki and Hiroshima, signifying that these weapons are dangerous. Despite the threat that nuclear weapons pose to the life of human beings, leaders of some countries still develop and maintain nuclear weapons and depend on them to strengthen their national security. Accordingly, they justify the possession of nuclear weapons using the theory of nuclear deterrence. Using this theory, they claim that the proliferation of nuclear weapons averts war by the threat of revenge using extreme and destructive force (Alexander Millar, 2003: 245). However, they fail to understand that this theory is flawed and subjected to human fallibility. For instance, it is difficult for a leader with nuclear weapons to make a rational decision when exposed to stressful situations. Besid es, deterrence is not effective against non-state actors including extremist groups. It is challenging to locate these groups and their followers are suicidal. For this reason, deterrence is not effective because when it fails, the impact of nuclear weapons is catastrophic. Nuclear Proliferation is Characterized by Various Risks The nuclear experiment can have a significant impact on human life because their effects are felt for decades. For instance, nuclear weapons can result in radiation disaster which affects human beings and the environment including wildlife and water ecosystem. In addition to having a great impact on the environment and human life, the proliferation of nuclear weapons continues to fuel geopolitical instability as evidenced by non-fruitful efforts by the UN Security Council to agree with Iran regarding its nuclear program in the future (Meyer Stephen, 2006: 54). Equally, the author contends that the conflicts experienced today are as a result of non-state actors. Leaders characterized by a revolutionary past are likely to seek nuclear capability. For example, Kim Jong-Un, in North Korea has made a decision to invest in a nuclear program despite the ailing economy of the country. North Korean president defied UN sanctions, and in 2015, he launched his fourth nuclear test which was follo wed by the launch of an intermediate-range ballistic missile. Non-state actors are not only the concern because technological advances and the efficiency of nuclear equipment have increased the potential attainment of nuclear weapons by organized crime works, terrorist groups, and rebel movements. Various nuclear weapons were left behind following the collapse of the Soviet Union. As a consequence, these weapons are illegally sold in Eastern Europe. Arguably, this is considered the major threat of nuclear proliferation because they are easily accessed by terrorist groups such as ISIS (Cowen Karp, 2001: 38). These groups use the radioactive materials in these weapons to generate bombs. As a matter of fact, great attention is on the potential threat that might result as a consequence of terrorist accessing nuclear weapons whereas little focus has been channeled on the possibility of nuclear sites being attacked by terrorist groups. An attack on nuclear power plant will release radioactive materials that will jeopardize the health of human beings and the environment. Nuclear sites across France and Belgium remains vulnerable given the recent attacks by ISIS, a terrorist group (Portela, Bourantonis Blavoukos, 2015: 55). High Maintenance and Cost Maintaining and building nuclear weapons is costly and some nations are funding nuclear weapon development at the expense of the citizens well-being. Channelling a larger percentage of the countrys resources on nuclear weapons development exhibits a negative impact on the treasury and triggers an unsympathetic political criticism. Fair (2016: 55) argues that very few countries can invest in weapons of mass destruction and at the same time remain wealthy and productive. Countries that channel their focus on designing and maintaining weapons of mass destruction divert from issues that are pertinent to the population. The Tendency of using Nuclear Weapons as a Strategic Excuse Nations possessing nuclear weapons often posits that they depend on them as tools for strategic defense. Likewise, they point out that minus these weapons of mass destruction, they are susceptible to various attacks. Despite the fact that these weapons are characterized by high risk of devastation and destruction, some countries often chose to keep nuclear weapons active and ready to use whenever necessary. Defense experts also contend that doing away with nuclear weapons will put some nations at a disadvantage because some nations considered hostile are developing these weapons (Taylor, 2015: 5). Regardless these arguments, it is obvious that countries with weapons of mass destruction are more likely of utilizing them in future to wage war. Threat of Nuclear War According to Porterfield (2005: 66) point of view, weapons of mass destruction are important in preventing military aggression and exhibit an equalizing effect regardless the size of the country. Proponents of the weapon of mass destruction argue that the proliferation of nuclear weapons increases the diplomatic and military standing of a country. However, they fail to understand that nuclear weapons pose a threat and destroy life in case countries take part in nuclear warfare. The proliferation of nuclear weapons renders human beings to stay in fear. In addition to the incident of nuclear war, there are also other dangers associated with the development of nuclear weapons such as an explosion of the nuclear plant. For instance, Ukraine Chernobyl nuclear plant disaster of 1986 affected thousands of population in the country. Why It Is Difficult To Contain the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction Even though Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) prohibits countries from producing weapons of mass destruction, the existing non-proliferation instruments have failed in deterring nuclear possessing states from destroying their weapons. For instance, it is the responsibility of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to direct states that fail to comply with the above treaty to the UN Security Council (UNSC). The council, in turn, imposes punitive measures or sanctions to countries that fail to comply with the terms and conditions of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (Fleck Black-Branch, 2016: 95). Unfortunately, political calculations have made it difficult for the UNSC to discharge its duties allowing nuclear rogues such as the United States and Iran to disregard fairly weak and successive UN sanctions. Another challenge posed in an endeavour to put an end to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction is the absence of sufficient enforcement and verification mech anism accessible by IAEA. Besides, this agency technological resources, intelligence capabilities, and budget are inadequate to punish, prevent, or deter countries from violating NPT regulations (Council of Foreign Relations, 2013: 10). The organization does not have access to countries nuclear facilities including those of North Korea and Iran. As a consequence, nuclear materials are being sold on the black market. To eliminate the fear posed by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, it is important for the International Atomic Energy Agency to implement additional protocols that will boost its mandate and inspections. However, getting countries such as Iran, Syria and the United States to agree to these protocols is a major challenge. The countries possessing nuclear weapons should be made to understand that depending on the nuclear weapon to defend themselves is increasingly becoming hazardous and dangerous, especially if they fall into the hands of terrorist organizations. Diehl and Moltz (2008: 25) also notes that controlling proliferation and eventually abolishing weapons of mass destruction requires the involvement of the society, professional and nongovernmental organizations as well as intergovernmental organizations and national government. Conclusion The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction among terrorists or nations increases the threat of nuclear violence on a global scale. The impact of such an attack would be intolerable. There is also increased likelihood that the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction might be accessed by irrational individuals who does not care about world security and peace. For instance, easy access to weapons of mass destruction by terrorist groups or psychotic leader might be used to trigger nuclear war as an act of retaliation against humanity. In this context, the usage of weapons of mass destruction is considered very dangerous and immoral. Equally, maintaining and building of nuclear weapons is very expensive causing a country to ignore issues that enhance the well-being of the population. For this reason, it is important for countries to understand that having a nuclear weapons does not necessary make them qualify as advanced and powerful nations. On the contrary, countries such as Australia and Spain do not have nuclear weapons but are considered advanced and powerful nations as the likes of Iran and the United States. List of References Alexander, B. Millar, A. (2003) Tactical nuclear weapons: emergent threats in an evolving security environment, Washington, D.C: Brassey's Burroughs, J. (2007) The (il)legality of threat or use of nuclear weapons: a guide to the historic opinion of the International Court of Justice, Mu?nster: LIT Press. Council of Foreign Relations.(2013) The Global Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime.[Online] Available At: https://www.cfr.org/nonproliferation-arms-control-and-disarmament/global-nuclear-nonproliferation-regime/p18984 Cowen Karp, R. (2001) Security with nuclear weapons?: different perspectives on national security, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Diehl, S. J., Moltz, J. C. (2008) Nuclear weapons and nonproliferation: a reference handbook, Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. Fair, C.C .(2016) 'Pakistans Nuclear Proliferation and Its Impact on International and Regional Security', National Bureau of Asian Research, p. 155. Fleck, D. Black-Branch, J.L. (2016), Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law : Volume II - Verification and Compliance, Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press. Green garage.(2014) 7 Biggest Pros and Cons of Nuclear Weapons.[Online] Available At:https://greengarageblog.org/7-biggest-pros-and-cons-of-nuclear-weapon Krieger, D.(2010) Nuclear Weapons Present a Real and Present Danger to Humanity and Life on Earth. [Online] Available At: https://www.globalresearch.ca/nuclear-weapons-present-a-real-and-present-danger-to-humanity-and-life-on-earth/18359. Meyer Stephen M. (2006) Dynamics of nuclear proliferation, Chicago: Univ Of Chicago Press. Perkovich, G. (1999), India's nuclear bomb: the impact on global proliferation, California: University of California Press. Portela, C, Bourantonis, D, Blavoukos, S. (2015), The EU and the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons : Strategies, Policies, Actions, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan Porterfield, J. (2005) Terrorism, dirty bombs, and weapons of mass destruction, New York: Rosen Pub. Group. Schultz, G.P, Perry W.J, Kissinger, H.A, Nunn S. A.(2007) World Free of Nuclear Weapons. The Wall Street Journal Sidel, V.W. Levy, B.S.(2007) Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons: Opportunities for Control and Abolition, American Journal of Public Health, vol.97, no.9, pp. 1589-1594 Taylor, T.B.(2015) Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. [Online] Available At: https://ee.stanford.edu/~hellman/Breakthrough/book/pdfs/taylor.pdf